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Cyanobacteria is one of many health risks associated with nutrient runoff

Lead author Pieter Johnson from the University of Colorado and colleagues referenced several studies showing the links—both direct and indirect—between nutrient enrichment and the emergence and resurgence of human and wildlife illnesses, such as limb malformations in amphibians and malaria, West Nile virus and schistosomiasis in humans.

All three continents contain regions experiencing explosive growth and development, while still contending with rampant poverty, where to buy cheap modalert, Buy modalert overnight delivery, widespread environmental damage and a huge disease burden. Without question, modalert without prescription, Cheap modalert pills, increases in fertilizer application and food production in these regions will likely have substantially positive effects on human health by reducing malnutrition and improving quality of life. However, buy modalert online, Kjøpe modalert, a significant concern lies with the unintended side effects of such efforts: will increases in the alteration of environmental nutrient concentrations incur an increased risk of disease?

In another study referenced by Johnson and colleagues, female Culex restuans mosquitoes, which are known for transmitting West Nile virus, oviposited more than ten times the number of egg clutches in containers with elevated nutrient levels than in containers with normal levels.

The effects of nutrient enrichment are also being seen in wildlife populations where it is linked to limb malformations in amphibians, buy modalert. Specifically, order modalert cod, Halvalla modalert apteekki, an infection of the parasite Ribeiroia causes missing, misshapen and extra limbs in amphibians, order modalert without prescription, Comprar en línea modalert, limiting their survival rate. This parasite uses several hosts in its lifecycle, order modalert no prescription, Cheap modalert overnight delivery, starting with herbivorous snails; therefore, an increase in algae growth due to nutrient runoff boosts both the snail and parasite populations.

In one study, modalert farmacia a buon mercato, Modalert online stores, the jump in snail population produced a three- to fivefold increase in amphibian infection. These findings, buy modalert without prescription, Order modalert from canada, say the researchers, reach beyond aquatic ecosystems and into public health:

Considering the strong response of Ribeiroia infection to elevated nutrient conditions and the ecological parallels between the life cycles of Ribeiroia and Schistosoma, these results may have important epidemiological implications.

Johnson, P., Townsend, A., Cleveland, C., Glibert, P., Howarth, R., McKenzie, V., Rejmankova, E., & Ward, M. (2010). Linking environmental nutrient enrichment and disease emergence in humans and wildlife Ecological Applications, 20 (1), 16-29 DOI: 10.1890/08-0633.1

http://www.flickr.com/photos/jurvetson/ / CC BY 2.0.

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Tags: Africa, aquatic plants, Asia, Disease, Economic development, Ecotone, fossil fuels, health, health risk, mosquito borne diseases, nitrogen, nitrogen pollution, nutrient enrichment, Parasites, Pollution, South America, west nile virus

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