A field planted with two kinds of cotton (Gossypium sp): Bt cotton and normal cotton, where the normal cotton acts as a refuge for insects.

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Some rows of the field in the photograph contain cotton plants (Gossypium sp) that are genetically engineered to produce a toxin from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Bt kills insects that feed on the cotton. Other rows contain cotton plants that are not genetically engineered, and they serve as refuges for the insects. Such refuges are important because they slow the rate at which insects evolve resistance to the genetically engineered cotton. This photograph originally appeared on the cover of Ecological Applications (14:6) in December of 2004.

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Primary or BEN resource type	Photograph
Url	You must be logged in to access all resource information.
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Format	jpeg
Ecological Core Concept	The science of ecology -- Research tools, technology, and innovations The science of ecology Human impacts -- Agriculture and resource harvesting Human impacts
Drought & Water-Ecosystem Services Collection	Off
Conservation Targets Under Global Change Collection	Off
Big Data Collection	Off
Editor's Choice	No
Audience	Undergraduate upper division 15-16 Undergraduate lower division 13-14
Pedagogical Use Description	This photograph could be used to illustrate genetically engineered crops, Bt cotton, or the use of some crop types as a refuge for insects.
Keywords	Bt, genetically engineered, genetic engineering, crop, agriculture, pesticide, insect, GE, GMO
Key taxa	Bacillus thuringiensis, cotton, Gossypium
Life science discipline (subject)	Ecology
Primary Author Controlled Name	Timothy J. Dennehy Kenneth Klemow
Primary Author Affiliation	Department of Entomology, University of Arizona Biology Program, Wilkes University
Primary Author email	tdennehy@ag.arizona.edu, kklemow@wilkes.edu
Rights	Copyright 2004 by the Ecological Society of America.
Resource Editor	Unknown
Reviewer A	Unknown
Reviewer B	Unknown
Date Of Record Submission	2008-04-09

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